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Clearly, one does not have to be a theist, at least in the ordinary acceptation of "theism," in order to deny that everything is permitted. But one does have to affirm, in some way or other, that human existence is constituted prior to itself and from beyond itself, or beyond the decisions of any and all human beings, collectively as well as individually. Without making this affirmation, one could not deny that "every thing is permitted" – -- or, at any rate, would be powerless to explain why this implication is not to be drawn.

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