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If Leclerc is right about all this, as I strongly suspect he is, Descartes's 
point s point in asserting the independence of substance is essentially the same as 
Whitehead's  in insisting-in Leclerc's  words-that, "although other types  of 
entity  of entity do exist,  they are (Le., exist as)  either  'ingredients in'  actual entities, or 
... 'derivative from'  actual entities. So that whatever there is, in any sense of 
'is'  or 'exist,'  either is  an actual entity or has its locus in some actual entity or 
actual entities" (24 f.).  Or it is the same as Hartshorne's point when he insists 
that insists that the  abstract, although real, is not actual save as somehow included in the 
concretethe concrete, which is  the inclusive form of reality, the abstract being the included 
form included form thereof.  And, of course, it is  only of a  piece with this insistence that 
Hartshorne argues (against Aristotle  and the classical tradition!) for  "event 
pluralismevent pluralism," rather  than "substance  pluralism," Le.,  that the  only fully

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