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1. Whether or not Y's believing p simply because X enunciates p is reasonable depends on whether or not XiS X's de facto epistemic authority for Y is also legitimate or valid, i.e., de jure, authority. And this depends, in turn, on XiS X's de facto epistemic authority also being a grounded epistemic authority.

2. XiS X's de facto epistemic authority for Y is a grounded epistemic authority if, and only if, it is possible for someone -– if not Y, then others -– to test XiS X's claims to knowledge in realm R. This means (1) that knowledge of what X claims to know can be attained otherwise than by relying on some epistemic authority; and (2) that there is an independent criterion by which all claims to knowledge in R can be tested.

July 1996