By Schubert Ogden
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1. Analysis discloses that "real" and its cognates are systematically ambiguous, in that, while it has a "field-invariant force," it has "field-dependent standards." This is not surprising, of course, because the same systematic ambiguity attends "true" and its cognates, with which "real" and its cognates are correlative. For this reason; then, one could say that the distinction between "being-in-itself" and "meaning-for-us" is misleading, insofar as it implies, or appears to imply, that "reality" is not thus systematically ambiguous, and hence field-dependent as well as field-invariant.
1. Analysis discloses that "real" and its cognates are systematically ambiguous, in that, while it has a "field-invariant force," it has "field-dependent standards." This is not surprising, of course, because the same systematic ambiguity attends "true" and its cognates, with which "real" and its cognates are correlative. For this reason; then, one could say that the distinction between "being-in-itself" and "meaning-for-us" is misleading, insofar as it implies, or appears to imply, that "reality" is not thus systematically ambiguous, and hence field-dependent as well as field-invariant.
2. But this is in no way to say that there is not a difference within any given field between what is real and what is not. For if what is real, given some mode of reasoning, some way of taking account of things that we are in one way or another obliged to take account of, is, indeed, relative to this mode of reasoning, this way of taking account of things, it is not in the least relative to any particular conclusion arrived at within this mode of reasoning or way of taking account of things. In other words, there remains the distinction between what is believed to be true, given this mode of reasoning, and what is worthy of being believed true, given the standards established by this same mode of reasoning. In this sense, one could say that the distinction between "being-in-itself" and "meaning-for-us" is both pertinent and important, insofar as it expresses, or is taken to express, that what is worthy of being believed is one thing, what in fact is believed, something irreducibly different.
3. It would appear clear enough, then, that)however religious utterances represent a mode of reasoning, or a way of taking account of what we are somehow obliged to take account of, within that mode or way there is a distinction between what is worthy of being believed and what in fact is believed, and hence sufficient reason to employ the distinction between "being-in-itself" and "meaning-for-us." It would appear to be no less clear that no religious utterance could be said to be true that did not speak about the reality it purports to be about not only in its meaning for-us but also in its being-initself--not only as what we in fact believe, but also as what is worthy of our belief, whether we in fact believe it or not.
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